Stormwater: a whole lot more than oil runoff

Once compared wrongly to the Exxon Valdez oil spill, the stormwater that spills into Puget Sound is full of ingredients with varied effects. Understanding that complexity is key to improving the health of the Sound.

Stormwater runoff contains much more than petroleum, a fact often overlooked by problem-solvers.

Puget Sound Partnership

Stormwater runoff contains much more than petroleum, a fact often overlooked by problem-solvers.

One of the most prominent facts you may think you know about stormwater in Puget Sound isn’t true. Remember when the Department of Ecology touted the image that the torrent of pollutants washed every two years into Puget Sound was comparable to an Exxon Valdez oil spill disaster? Turns out, we now learn from Ecology, that’s simply wrong. How that big error came about is an important story that needs to be told and learned from.

If there is any saving grace, it’s that better information, as it becomes available, can strengthen and properly target both our public programs and private actions to make us more effective environmental stewards.

The Exxon Valdez imagery came out of an ongoing stormwater study conducted by the Department of Ecology, Phase 1 of which was completed in 2007. One of the big estimates in Phase 1 got a lot more attention than it deserved, given the caveats Ecology should have stressed. The estimate was that 52 million pounds of petroleum and other toxics — called “mass loadings” — are carried every year into Puget Sound.

“Runoff is like a slow-moving oil spill,” said Ecology’s special assistant for Puget Sound in November 2007. It wasn’t all petroleum hydrocarbons but a mix of toxic materials, as Ecology knew at the time. But a reporter latched onto the now-regrettable bright idea: Make the size of that big number meaningful to people by its comparability to an Exxon Valdez catastrophe. The image spread like an oil spill itself everywhere across the water. 

Two problems. First, because many things other than petroleum are harmful in stormwater and their harmfulness is not necessarily proportional to their mass or weight, the Exxon Valdez and oil-spill imagery carried with it an entirely misleading message of what made up the entirety of the runoff threat.  Ecology should have foreseen that trap, but it fell for the oil-spill image anyway. What Ecology publicists couldn’t know at the time, however, because relevant information has only been recognized and noted in subsequent phases of the study, is that the contribution of petroleum hydrocarbons to the overall problem of toxics in stormwater is dramatically smaller than first thought.

And that highlights the second problem. All the underlying data was weak in the first place. When Phase 1 was undertaken, nobody had ever systematically and directly measured the amount of toxics that flow into Puget Sound. So the entire exercise in estimation was calculated from assumptions. In simple terms, the Phase 1 calculation depended on assumptions of how much water flowed into Puget Sound (the flow model) and assumptions about the nature and amount of toxics the runoff water contained, gallon for gallon. Simple basic idea behind a very complicated spreadsheet: multiply flow model volumes times toxics concentrations (fractions of ounces per gallon, for lay understanding) to get total pounds of "loadings."

In Phases 2 and 3 of the study, after the image of a big oil spill was put out, Ecology stepped up to refining the flow model with actual measurement of real-world flows into the Sound from various real-world typical land uses. Revelation: The multipliers that had been used earlier from the flow model were significantly too large.

The new work found even worse trouble in the Phase 1 concentration assumptions that Ecology had gathered from generic national estimates or measurements taken from distant places. When Ecology finally had the benefit of actual measurements from actual places around Puget Sound under actual local conditions, the numbers were at major variance with the generic numbers the Phase 1 calculation had relied upon. At least the new numbers resulted from samples Ecology carefully drew from specific types of land — urban residential and commercial, agriculture, and forest lands — from actual river flows, and from different seasons of the year, allowing big gains in the ability to understand relationships between particular types of places and particular types and quantities of toxics in runoff.

As all this work came together, Ecology realized how badly out of whack the picture of the Exxon Valdez and a big oil spill was. Based on the new opportunity to make estimates from actual sample measurements, flows were lower and toxic concentrations were different from the driving components of the Phase 1 estimate.

The Phase 3 report containing the newest calculations is now circulating for peer review and has not been released. One reviewer who has seen the study described the reduction from earlier estimates of mass loadings, especially for petroleum, as “dramatic.” An Ecology scientist used the phrase “a lot, although petroleum is still very significant.” Stay tuned for what fraction of an Exxon Valdez spill the new estimate for toxics might be (although Ecology will be more cautious about lumping all toxics into a single estimate) and for petroleum hydrocarbons and other materials as toxic components. That is, if Ecology (or anyone who relied upon the picture Ecology drew) ever has anything to say about the Exxon Valdez in this context again.

But does that mean stormwater goes away as a big problem? Emphatically not. It just means our rhetoric about and approaches to the problem are going to have to catch up with the facts.

Stormwater presents various threats of severe damage to water quality and living things. Needs for protection will still remain, long after the Exxon Valdez image fades as a metaphor. But in the future, Ecology’s credibility will need to be better protected by bringing more circumspection to characterizations that rest on palpably inadequate data.

Here are some points to keep in mind. First, it’s always been a mistake to think that “loadings” measured in pounds were the sole crux of the issue, or that putting a single tall black hat squarely on petroleum could help the public to keep track of the cast in a complicated plot. There are lots of different toxic materials; even the many that the Phase 3 study focuses on are just the tip of the iceberg. But toxicity — the threat from toxics — can’t be evaluated just by weight; specific toxic substances vary in what they damage and how, and like must substances that poison, concentration is a key consideration in harmful dosage.

Another point is that the harmful effects of stormwater sometimes have little to do with toxics as we generally think of them. In some areas, especially from tracts of land in agricultural or forestry use, simple sediment (and sometimes bacteria from farm animals) carried away in storm runoff can clog streams, disrupt wetlands, and pour into rivers. The brown smudge across Elliott Bay after the heaviest rains two weeks ago came largely from far up the Green River watershed, not from urban runoff. Sometimes, however, it’s just the sheer erosive force of nothing but ordinary rain runoff from cleared land that sluices destructively through streambeds and banks, disrupting the living things in or on them. Rural areas and natural upland habitat can be even more sensitive than urban areas to these stormwater risks and consequences.

What kinds of areas are at risk from stormwater impacts? And how do the various kinds of impacts (toxics being just one) affect natural systems unique to each location — a marshy wetland in east King County, an oyster bed in Shelton, a salmon stream in Sedro-Wooley, a bulkhead on Seattle’s Elliot Bay waterfront? The kind of data Ecology is finally preparing to present allows a much more precise way of thinking about stormwater protections than the simplistic inference from the Exxon Valdez comparison — that arresting the oil drippings on roads and parking lots is the emblematic stormwater remedy.


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Comments:

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 6:23 a.m. Inappropriate

NO ONE CARES ABOUT POLLUTED STORMWATER !!!! Just ask Norm Rice, Gary Locke, Christine Gregoire , Greg Nickels, Larry Phillips etc., they are all for process, not progress.

If our government did, they would have used my enviro-drain stormwater filters to prevent pollution from entering catch basins and required businesses to use them as well, instead they charge homeowners and businesses Fees, while allowing pollution to go unchecked.

For 2 decades I have pleaded with our government officials to stop the flow of contaminants entering catch basins. Every city in Western Washington HAS tried the enviro-drain stormwater filters.

Here are a couple examples of the State and Cities being in denial. First is the Department of Transportation(WADOT) where the author of the article Mr MacDonald worked. DOT purchased 25 of our filters to install along Chinook Hwy. to protect salmon spawning habitat. These filters retrofit the catch basins that allow water to enter through the catch basin grate and flow through a series of filters to remove petroleum products and sediments. The oily runoff attaches itself to sediments and heavy metals while flowing toward the catch basin. Catch the oil, you catch the other pollutants, seems simple.

DOT installs our filters along the Highway in Chinook after the completion of the road improvement, its October during a rain event. I get a call from the Head Hancho at DOT telling me my filters are clogged. Knowing that my filters have a built in overflow in case my filters clogged with pollutants I mentioned to WADOT that can't be, but I will be right there to check it out. After a 4 hour drive down to Chinook I meet with 4 WADOT workers. They are standing over a catch basin with a pool of water ponding around the catch basin. I asked the Supervisor what the problem was? He says your filter is clogged! I used my boots to brush away the leaves surrounding the catch basin and the water goes down the drain and is filtered through my filter system. In that 4 hour commute to go meet with WADOT they had already called the Head Office and spread false information about our filters being clogged. Trying to stop the rumor was impossible, needless to say it was the perfect storm for WADOT to look the other way.

Next example was with the City of Kirkland. We installed an enviro-drain filter in a parking lot catch basin approximately 100 yards from Lake Washington. This parking lot holds at the most 50 cars. With the City of Kirkland's permission we installed the filter for one year and to be maintained every 30 days to give the City to examine the effectiveness of the filter. My one request with every municipality is they pay for the testing of the spent filter medium so we know how to dispose of the contaminated filter material. We test for oil and heavy metal content.
After 30 days I removed the filter while the City observed, collected a sample and sent it to a lab. The filter material was tested at 8,000 parts per million(PPM).

After the samples were tested I went to the City of Kirkland's Public Works Director with the findings. His response was "we don't have a problem".

I mentioned to him that 8,000 PPM is so toxic it can't go in a landfill, it has to be incinerated. I mentioned, how can you say you don't have a problem when the tests show it contained over 8,000 PPM of petroleum especially since this oil drains straight to Lake Washington?

Needless to say, I notified Department of Ecology and their response was the same,,,,THEY DON'T CARE! Yet, government keeps adding Fees to deal with their monopolistic mentality.

So Mr. MacDonald,,,, is your point to jab us taxpayers for more bureaucracy and fees with your scare tactics?

Just imagine if our State had implemented filters for storm drains 20 years ago? Clean lakes, streams, rivers and Puget Sound, not to mention sustainable jobs in the private sector to manufacture and maintain the filters.

Instead we are stuck with a bloated stormwater management government fiasco that has hundreds of worthless bureaucrats pointing fingers at taxpayers that they need more money to study stormwater to the death of Puget Sound. We won't have progress in cleaning up stormwater pollution because no one has the spine to address the real issue.

One more thing Mr. MacDonald, the plume of brown in Puget Sound is exerbated by the oil going down a storm drain and sticking to the banks of rivers, creeks, and streams making the soil erode, because oil floats it sticks to the surface contacts along the creeks, streams and rivers and carries dirt with it.

salmonjim

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 9:05 a.m. Inappropriate

One more point to add to Salmon Jim's comments.

Storm water runoff is not an average flow rate problem. When summer & early fall rains after a period of dry conditions bring down pollutants, they bring down highly concentrated stuff. Then can impact juvenile salmon which have recently hatched. It's a doubling of the impact.

And I care. I ride a bike to work, and after a ride in the rain, my gear is coated in a fine black sludge which appears to come from the road and not the sky. This is even in the winter when it rains daily and the pollutants should be at their least ppm.

Also there have been years of studies of the bottom fish at the mouth of the Duwamish. Many of them have lesions and should not be eaten. AFAIK, the rate of diseased fish has not gotten better over the years even with the cleanup.

GaryP

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 9:09 a.m. Inappropriate

Here's the link to the enviro-drain system.

http://www.enviro-drain.com/

GaryP

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 9:14 a.m. Inappropriate

"His product does remove a lot of contaminants that go into a catch basin extremely well. We were interested in seeing how well these would work. Seattle, Bellevue and other cities sponsored two different research studies on these and other [filters], and found that they work really well for a week or two or up to a month. Then they have to be maintained -- to remove the filter media and the dirt they contained. "With 32,000 in the city, that would be an awesome task." "

I love this complaint! The filters catch so much stuff, we have to go out and change the filters! Can you imagine that? Having to clean a filter because it caught the stuff it intended to catch?

I might as well take my furnace filter out, because it catches so much dirt I have to replace it every month or so. If I didn't have that filter, I wouldn't have to do that much work.

GaryP

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 9:23 a.m. Inappropriate

No problem, Norm. The ends justify the means when it comes to environmental advocacy. So long as the... uh... exaggeration passed a fews regs and tax increases (and helped local lock-steppers do the same) it served its purpose. Hyperbole is modus operandi.

How many "green" jobs have the people been promised over the past several years?

BlueLight

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 9:31 a.m. Inappropriate

Very interesting article!

I think there is an interesting lesson here though. The reporter who used the 'Exxon Valdez' as a measurement did understand something crucially important - it is the need to use image, metaphor and even symbol to communicate the challenges faced by the environment and engage the public imagination. This has to be done responsibly and without dumbing the topic down.

Yet, much environmental writing does suffer from an overly Cartesion, juiceless factuality that fails to provide an overall gestalt for the public especially when information is so often fragmentary and disconnected. The facts are important but must be provided in a more generous overall context.

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 10:08 a.m. Inappropriate

And so a former Wsdot director who abusively mismanaged a ruinously controversial highway replacement project in Seattle and left his post like a rat deserting a sinking ship, is demoted to the Department of Greenwash.

"Thank you, waiter. I'd love a dollop of petroleum byproduct in my glass of water. Delightful and refreshing! And you say this lovely Duwamish salmon steak tested positive for nutritious toxins? Delicious!"

Wells

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 12:26 p.m. Inappropriate

Doug -- Very interesting piece. I think everyone would agree that having better information is always a benefit when making decisions. The framing of the problem seems to fall victim to human nature. It's harder to get people to do something about long term chronic issues than it is a sudden catastrophic event. Framing storm water runoff as an Exxon Valdez spill was, in part, a way to get people to notice what was happening. Even now, there is more energy in the legislature devoted to BP Gulf type oil spills in Puget Sound then the constant, chronic, and damaging issue you describe so thoughtfully. Why?

Jordan

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 3:15 p.m. Inappropriate

SalmonJim proves his point: Crosscut neglects to give SalmonJim's comment a "shout out."

Posted Wed, Apr 27, 5:40 p.m. Inappropriate

Cars have gotten far cleaner in the past decade, or two. And not just because they keep getting more and more miles per gallon of gasoline.

Cars now leak very little motor oil onto streets, compared to in the past. My ten-year-old 2001 Ford does not leak oil at all. I never have to add oil between oil changes, and I have the oil changed every 5,000 miles. In every other car I have driven before this one, I had to add at least one or more quarts of oil between oil changes because they leaked oil.

Also, most modern cars no longer need to be lubricated. You used to always get a "lube, oil, filter" when your car needed an oil change. There were lube fittings on all the bearings and joints under the cars, which needed to have grease added at every oil change. And this heavy lubricating grease would also leak out of the fittings and onto the streets. New cars no longer have grease fittings, and no longer need to be "lubed." They are just sealed extremely well, so the grease never leaks out.

So, I would be curious to know how much oil and grease leaks out of new cars every 10,000 miles compared to cars built 10, 20, or 30 years ago. I expect that the amount of oil and grease being leaked onto streets now is much less than a couple of decades ago, and will continue to decline as older cars are scrapped and replaced with new, cleaner cars.

Also, I'm pretty sure brake pads no longer include asbestos, which they contained a couple decades ago.

Lincoln

Posted Thu, Apr 28, 12:30 a.m. Inappropriate

So what exactly is the story here? The best that I can tell is that the story is that the scientific process seems to work and that media specialists have a really difficult time communicating that to the public.

There really is no surprise to that. The scientific process is nuanced and not easily compressed into soundbites. And unless the issue has a serious impact to people's lives, they are not willing to put the time and effort into understanding or communicating those nuances.

The unfortunate state of Washington state politics these days is that the catchy soundbite is the only way to obtain funding for important science-based policy actions. We all know that the increased population in the Puget Sound area and the increased development have put pressures on water quality. It may not be directly due to pollution from automobiles but it is due to the sprawl and development that the automobile culture enables. I can't fault Ecology for using the catchy soundbite to raise awareness to the issue if it is the only way to fund the necessary mitigation. It certainly seems that our broken ideological political process does not have the capability to understand the complexities of scientific problems.

So how are we going to pay for the needed mitigation of polluted waterways? MacDonald doesn't provide an answer; he seems more willing to point out faults than offer solutions. But given that growth and sprawl are the cause, it seems perfectly reasonable to use revenue from the sale of gasoline and pesticides would be appropriate to fund such projects.

Posted Thu, Apr 28, 7:46 a.m. Inappropriate

"We all know that the increased population in the Puget Sound area and the increased development have put pressures on water quality."

Do we? Researchers at Oregon State University have reported the NUMBER ONE THREAT to PNW salmon and their habitats is immigration into the region; the vast majority of which comes from outside the U.S. and Canada. Our ruling Democratic Party; however, holds immigrants (including illegals) as a valued constituency and; therefore, disallows conversations about their ecologic impacts. The Puget Sound Partnership, which functions as a Political Action Committee for The Party does not even mention immigration in their Action Agenda.

The simple fact is that we - as a society - cannot have our cake and eat it, too. So, shackled by political-correctness (and political alliance) it "seems perfectly reasonable" to tax gasoline, pesticides and other symptoms of a bigger cause. Until we address the issue of growth - beyond attempts to geographically condense it (irrespective of where one lives; one still eats, drinks, pees, poops, etc.) - we will continue to see higher costs for disingenuous failing policies.

BlueLight

Posted Thu, Apr 28, 8:58 a.m. Inappropriate

BlueLight has finally hit upon something! We need to impose passport restrictions on migrant Salmon! Yes those pesky Canadian Salmon from the Fraiser River valley that get lost and head up to Baker Lake or Lake Washington or up the Columbia must be stopped!

The simple fact is that population increases in the PNW are mostly due to those of us who are here, having children. So funding for Planned Parenthood should be increased not decreased.

GaryP

Posted Thu, Apr 28, 10:02 a.m. Inappropriate

Washington State's Office of Financial Management estimates that between 2010 and 2030 "natural increase" (births-deaths) will add 754,301 to the state's population. Over that same time, they estimate "migration" will add 979,199 to the state's population.

http://www.ofm.wa.gov/pop/race/projections/

BlueLight

Posted Sat, Apr 30, 2:36 p.m. Inappropriate

As a reporter based in the state Legislature, I want to say that McDonald is on to something here -- perhaps one of the most disturbing stories to come out of state politics in recent years. I started to catch on a couple of months ago, and all I can say is that I wish McDonald hadn't beaten me to the writing. But what happened is more dramatic than I think his story conveys.

Fundamentally flawed Department of Ecology studies were used to justify one of the biggest environmental crusades Olympia has seen. The math mistakes should have been obvious -- and actually, they were caught relatively quickly and corrected. Yet for the last three years, these discredited claims were used by the environmental community and state officials to justify a whopping tax on oil refiners. Anyone at the state Capitol over the last three years can testify to the fact that the "stormwater tax" has been one of the biggest issues before the Legislature. And if the whole thing seems a bit arcane, you have to remember that it would have boosted gasoline prices for everyone in the state.

This is an issue that has been debated in the "pages" of Crosscut many, many times.

This is the point I find startling. The Department of Ecology issued its "addendums" to its reports in April 2009 and January 2010. This is where the massive back-tracking occurred. Yet somehow the "scientific world" never communicated with the "political world," and so the Legislature continued to debate the issue all last session in complete ignorance of the facts. If there had been one more vote for the stormwater bill in the Senate, it would be law by now.

I became aware of this issue in February of this year, because of an oblique comment during a legislative hearing. Josh Baldi, special assistant to the director of the Department of Ecology, warned legislators not to base policy decisions regarding taxation on the Ecology studies. And I had to wonder -- after all the debate of the last couple of years, why on earth would he say that?

I began to poke around, found out the truth. Meanwhile the stormwater bill this year fizzled and died for murky reasons that were distantly related -- and well, in a year like this one, there are a thousand other more immediate things to write about. The problems with the Ecology studies got their only real public airing at the Capitol at a public forum March 23 that, alas, was not taped by TVW.

Like any well-meaning reporter I meant to write something about it when I had the time -- a big, complicated story that doesn't fit into the routine of daily newsbeats. That's why I kicked myself when I saw this piece a couple of days ago. There's a heckuva lot more to the story, about the way false "scientific" claims somehow became fact when policy people got their hands on them.

Anyway, kudos to McDonald for getting the story first. Meanwhile, here's my take -- my punchline is a bit different. If anything I think he's too genteel. The blunder here was pretty unbelievable.

http://www.washingtonstatewire.com/home/9063-the_‘big_oil’_problem_that_wasn’t_–_mistaken_department_of_ecology_study_was_basis_for_three_year_stormwater_crusade.htm

Erik Smith
Washington State Wire

ErikSmith

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